Attachment Theory Child Bonds With Their Mother

Attachment Theory is usually where a child bonds with their mother (caregiver) the emotional bond enables them to connect to a person. Conversely the bond may not be mutual for example the infant maybe attached with their caregiver this usually is their mother but the mother may not knowledge the same emotional bond to the child according to Bowlby 1969 and Ainsworth 1973. Having the bond between them it is known to have healthy attachment relationships, building a good mental health as they grow into adults. The attachment they was established by the British D John Bowlby. Bowlby stated that the bonds of relationships tend to form at the earliest ages giving the child a better chance to of surviving in the world. General the caregiver would provide their infants with basic needs to develop this then creates the infant to feel sense of secure bond and become dependable towards their caregiver according to Bowlby 2005, p151. According to Bowlby’s theory; on evolution suggests infants were bought into the world and they are biologically pre-programmed to produce healthy attachments with others as they grow. It is widely known that food is one of the basic needs of infant however Bowlby believed that attachment comes from care and responsiveness not food. Although Bowlby also stated that is the child has not revived any form of bond or attachment from birth up 5 years of age child may suffer from many disturbances as they get older e.g. aggression, can’t commit toShow MoreRelatedHow Does Attachment Influence The Social And Emotional Development Of The Child? Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesHow does attachment influence the social and emotional development of the child? A child’s social and emotional development has significant implications for the social functioning of a child throughout their lives, in their education, friendships and employment. A child with poor or social and emoti onal development are at risk of experiencing poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into involvement in unsociable activities or crime. Research suggests the key to socialRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 PagesAttachment refers to an affectional bond; a bond which is exclusive to an individual and cannot be exchanged to another. A particularly important bond is the emotional one between an infant and its primary care giver. When it comes to attachment it is often said that it is either down to nature or nurture. Nature is the belief that it is genetic based whilst nurture believes it is our environment and experiences. Bowlby focuses on the evolutionary argument for attachment. Bowlby’s theory can beRead MorePsychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And The Main Components Of Attachment And Object Relations Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, the author will delineate the following developmental theories, Freudian, Object Relational, and the main components found in Attachment. The main theorists that will be addressed include, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and some work of Melanie Klein. The author will provide a detailed explanation on attachment and object relations theory and how it can be incorporated with a client who is suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and how the impact of development correlates withRead MoreThe Social And Emotional Development Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesAttachment relationship is important for both child and parents/caregiver to develop because of social and emotional need. A child’s emotional and social development has significant impact for the social function of a child throughout their lives, education, friendships and employment. Research show that a child with no social and emotional development are at very high risk of having poor relationships with peers, academic problems and can lead them into poor decision in life and crime. Many researchesRead MoreThe New Zealand Experience 1985 Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesIs a short vignette about how a mother of 6 is starting to notice a sense of emptiness as her youngest child leaves for her first day of high school. The mother goes through a deep recollection of how her youngest daughter was given birth and all the times the mother had to tend to her daughters needs during her first 10 years of her daughters premature birth. The mother recollecting the memory of her daughter’s birth shows that the Parental Developmental Theory (PDT) is in place and having theRead MoreJohn Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment1439 Words   |  6 PagesThis report will be about John Bowlby and his theory of attachment plus criticisms and how these come into effect in practice and legislation. Edward John Mostyn Bowlby was born February 27th 1907 and died September 2nd 1990. He was born in London to a middle class family. He was mostly taken care of by his nanny because his parents believed that spending too much time with him could lead to him becoming a spoilt child. At age 7 he was sent to boarding school by his parents. After finishing boardingRead MoreAttachment Theory886 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Attachment Theory The Attachment theory is focused on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly long-term relationships including those between a parent and child and between romantic partners. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. Psychologist John Bowlby (1969, 1988) was the first attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregiversRead MoreThe Effects Of Early Family Relationships On Personality Development1629 Words   |  7 PagesMary Ainsworth and John Bowlby were the founders of attachment theory. Ainsworth and Bowlby had similar thought processes before they working with one another. After college, Bowlby was a volunteer at a school for children who were maladjusted. While working with two children, they helped him decide what course of work he wanted to work in (Bretherton U Wisconsin, Madison, US, Sep, 1992). Bretherton states the cases Bowlby saw that determined his career path: One was a very isolated, remote,Read MoreSocial And Emotional Development : John Bowlby1402 Words   |  6 PagesHaving a secure bond of attachment to another person is regarded as a foundation for successful social and emotional development. â€Å"It has been observed that children with secure attachments are more socially competent than those with insecure attachment† (Neaum. S. 2010). By the child having formed secured relationships it enables them to engage with the world with a sense of confidence and self-esteem. children who have secure attachments are also known to show more co-operative behaviour. JohnRead MoreSecure Attachment Relationship Between Young Children And Their Families898 Words   |  4 PagesSecure Attachment Relationship The mother is usually the first and primary object of attachment for an infant, but in many cultures, babies become just as attached to their fathers, siblings, and grandparents. When infants are attached to their caregivers, they gain a secure base from which babies can explore their environment and a haven of safety to return to when they are afraid. Attachment begins with physical touching and cuddling between infant and parent. Some babies become secure or insecure

Songs Written During War Times - 811 Words

â€Å"There was never a good war, or a bad peace.† said Benjamin Franklin, showing the importance of peace and unnecessariness of war. The songs are the symbol of sadness, love, desire, sorrow, expectancy and other unnumbered emotions. And on the other hand the lyrics are the voice of the society. Therefore, the lyricists and the artists composed songs for different occasions, such as hunger, poverty, demand for freedom, and war. The war songs were also composed during the World War II, the Vietnam War and the Cold War era as well to illuminate the wishes of the community. The songs sometimes showed the anger of the people, sometimes the wish for peace and the anger to the leaders. â€Å"Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket†¦show more content†¦The song was released in January 9, 1967. For What’s Worth was written by Stephen Stills. â€Å"Theres battle lines being drawn† refers to the battle lines between the communist and the capitalist forces in Vietnam. â€Å"Young people speaking their minds/Getting so much resistance from behind.† is another line from lyrics referring to the counter-culture protests in the Vietnam era. â€Å"House Committee on Un-American activities continued its probe into anti-Vietnam war protests. Demonstrators were forcibly evicted from the hearings when they began chanting anti-war slogans,† the lyrics are from the song â€Å"7 O’Clock News/Silent Night† by Simon Garfunkel. The song was released on August 22, 1966 and Paul Simon wrote the lyrics of the song. The radio on the background announces the daily news and one of them is about the anti-war protests ab out Vietnam. The verse of the song gives a sad tune to the song. The public thought that the song represented their emotions about the war. â€Å"Yes, how many ears must one man have/Before he can hear people cry ?/Yes, how many deaths will it take till he knows/That too many people have died ?† said Bob Dylan in his song Blowin’ in the Wind. Bob Dylan asked several questions about the war and one of them questioned how many people need to die that a man can know that war is a bad thing. â€Å"Mankind must put an end to war before war puts an end to mankind.† said John F. Kennedy. The arms race between the SovietShow MoreRelatedMusic of the Civil War751 Words   |  4 PagesThe War Between the States was complex. If you wish to understand the events, you should refer to a textbook. Music of the time, however, helps us delve into peoples thoughts and opinions on the war, slavery, and many other important issues in our countrys history. Prior to the civil war, American music followed its European roots. During the civil war, American music began to develop in its own way, largely influenced by the music of the African-Americans. The war produced many well-knownRead MoreHow Music Affected the Anti-Vietnam Movement1226 Words   |  5 Pagesis big enough, war. There have been many great battles and wars in the past, but one of the most controversial and protested war in human history was the Vietnam War. As World War II ended, the young males returned to the ir homes. They began families which brought a significant number of new children into the world. This dramatic increase in the number of births is called the Baby Boom. The Baby Boomers were new generation of people. As the world started to recover from the war, time passed, but asRead MoreEssay about Music of The Civil War735 Words   |  3 Pages The War Between the States was complex. If you wish to understand the events, you should refer to a textbook. Music of the time, however, helps us delve into people’s thoughts and opinions on the war, slavery, and many other important issues in our country’s history. Prior to the civil war, American music followed its European roots. During the civil war, American music began to develop in its own way, largely influenced by the music of the African-Americans. The war produced many well-known songsRead MoreSongs and Poems Written on Wars: Imagine by John Lennon 793 Words   |  3 Pagesthoughts. Poetry is a way to express opinions and ideas and this can often be more effectively achieved through song. The Vietnam War also known as the American War was the longest major conflict that Australians have been involved in. It began in 1962 and ended in 1975. The Vietnam War was the cause of the greatest political and social dissent in Australia since World War 1. In 1959 war broke out between communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. America and there allies, which includeRead MoreProtest Songs And Its Effect On Social Change1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough protest songs. Most songwriters agree that protest songs are written because circumstances demand engagement and things can no longer be left unsaid (Haslam). Protest songs have been prominent for centuries in the United States, but one decade that they are closely associated with is the 1960s. This was a time when America was faced with much controversy and division. The protest music performed by folk artist and social activist Peter Seeger empowered oppressed individuals during the 1960s toRead MorePatriotic Music Influenced by World War I1622 Words   |  6 Pagesnewspapers influenced many Americans in the home front during World War One. President Woodrow Wilson used periodicals and patriotic music to his advantage because it helped him in his reelection for a second te rm in office. During World War One, many citizens of the United States read newspapers, and those who read the newspapers became persuaded into believing whatever the newspapers said. Most of the popular patriotic music written during World War One contained some form of nationalism because theRead MoreJulia Howe s Song The Battle Hymn Of The Republic879 Words   |  4 PagesJulia Howe’s song The Battle Hymn of the Republic is a religious song that warns people to refrain from oppressing others because God s wrath will befall them if they fail to repent. Therefore, the song has two interpretations. Firstly, the song encourages those in war that God’s glory is amidst their military camps, which implies that God is on their side. When she says â€Å"†¦let us die to make men free† (Howe, 1917), she is encouraging those fighting to continue the fight to save their fellow manRead MoreBob Dylan’s The Times They Are A-Changin Essay680 Words   |  3 Page sBob Dylan’s â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin† is a unique song that was written in the early 1960’s during a time of political and military upheaval. The poem/song was written to influence the younger generation, and to serve as a rallying call for the people to come together to bring about a needed change. The civil rights movement was the main influence of the song but it can also be applied to the frustration, and anger the American people felt as a whole towards the Vietnam War. What truly makesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Diary Of Anne Frank1348 Words   |  6 Pagespainting, Anne Frank outside looking in, he is implying how Frank never got to have a chance to live her life due to having to hide away from the war going on all around her. Kaufman is relating his 1995 painting to the way she lived. Anne lived in the annex above her father’s work until her and her family got caught. Kaufman’s painting is related to a diary written by Anne Frank while living in the annex. The diary is all of her days, her nights, and her school. While people were below the annex workingRead MoreGod Bless America by Irving Berlin1101 Words   |  4 Pagesof Irving Berlin’s best known songs. We hear it at ceremonies, at sporting events, all over across the United States. It was originally composed by Berlin in 1918 while he was serving in the U.S. Army. He set the song aside for a while and didn’t pick it back up until he later revised the piece in 1938. The most famous version of this song was recorded by Kate Smith. It is even considered her signature song. The songs genre is considered to be an American patriotic song. He received criticism at first

Germany and Europe free essay sample

Teacher Name: |School Name: | Graded Assignment Expository Essay Final Draft Type your name, the date, your teacher’s name, and your school name at the top of this page. Type or paste your draft into this document. Be sure that your draft is double-spaced and in 12 point, Times New Roman font. Save the file as: ENG402B_S2_4. 6_ExpositoryEssayFinalDraft_FirstInitial_LastName. doc Example: ENG402B_S2_4. 6_ExpositoryEssayFinalDraft_M_Smith. doc (200 points) Type your draft here. I was born in Germany and lived there 18 years of my 20 years. I got raised in Germany so I know quite a lot about Germany. I moved to America with my family about 1 ? years ago and there are a lot of differences from America to Germany, for example the Schooling System. Is it better to live in America or in Europe? Which schooling system is better? Are there different laws in Germany compared to America? The schooling system in Germany is different. We will write a custom essay sample on Germany and Europe or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We start like the Americans with Kinder garden with the age around 5 years. After Kinder garden you go to Grundschule. I went to Grundschule when I was 7 years old. You attend the Grundschule for 4 years. There you learn all the basics for school like reading, writing and math. After 4 years, depending on your grades you will attend a different school. In Germany they have 3 different schools: Hauptschule (bad grades), Realschule (average Grades) and Gymnasium (very good grades). Now every school is different in itself as well. For Hauptschule you attend school for another 5 years so the total would be 9 years of school. Realschule has a total of 10 years and Gymnasium has a total of 13 years of school. I myself attended Realschule but I had a total of 11 years since I repeated my senior because I slacked off to much but I graduated after my slacking off. After school I wanted to start working as a carpenter after my graduation but we then decided to move to America so I never got the chance to really work in Germany. Germany has different laws for example driving and drinking. You can start driving alone in Germany with the age of 18 years with the expectation your Co-pilot is older then 25 years and has a driver’s license then you drive with 17 years. Now drinking in Germany is very different to America. You can start drinking beer with 14 years when your parents are with you, 16 years you can buy beer alone. With 16 years old you can also drink heavy liquor when your parents are with you and can start buying heavy liquor alone when you are 18 years old. So I myself have already had some beers and heavy liquor. I am sad that I can’t drink any liquor here anymore since the law here is 21 years old to drink. Life in Europe I would say is simple. If any state needs help all the other states help each other out. If it is money, war or other things. Also most state’s in Europe use the Euro. At the beginning it was a requirement to join the alliance of Europe that you have to switch to the Euro but the Britain’s didn’t want to switch and stayed on the pounds, so from then on it wasn’t a requirement anymore. What I find funny now is that when we lived in Germany we never did any vacation in Germany except of going to Berlin once but now that I don’t live in Germany I want to go explore Germany. I am glad that when we lived in Germany that we still visted a lot of other close Countries. For example: Czech, Croatia, Spain, Italy, France, Luxembourg, Bremen and Netherlands. My family liked more the warmer places since Germany is often cold. So most often we were in Italy and Spain. Is it better to live in America or in Europe? My mom always says: â€Å" You are home wherever your heart is†. Basically saying that you are home where you want to feel at home at. I personally like Europe and America. Both of them have their advantages and disadvantages. Which schooling system is better? I never tried the schooling system here. I think it is awesome I can home school which is not possible in Europe. So again there are advantages and disadvantages. Are there different laws in Germany compared to America? Drinking and driving are the two biggest different laws. There are many more of course that I didn’t mention here. I really enjoyed Germany and Europe and hope I can go back and visit my friends and explore more countries.

Literature Search Essay Example Essay Example

Literature Search Essay Example Paper Literature Search Essay Introduction Grap, Mary. ,Munro, Cindy. , Hummel, Russel. , Jessica. , Elswick, and Sessler Curtis. 2005. Effect of Backrest Elevation on the Development of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on March 3, 2012. Abstract †¢ Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of mechanical ventilation. Backrest position and time spent supine are critical risk factors for aspiration, increasing the risk for pneumonia. Empirical evidence of the effect of backrest positions on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, especially during mechanical ventilation over time, is limited. Objective To describe the relationship between backrest elevation and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. †¢ Methods : It is a nonexperimental, longitudinal, descriptive design was used. The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was used to determine ventilator-associated pneumonia. Backrest elevation was measured continuously with a transdu cer system. Data were obtained from laboratory results and medical records from the start of mechanical ventilation up to 7 days. †¢ Results Sixty-six subjects were monitored (276 patient days). Mean backrest elevation for the entire study period was 21. 7 °. Backrest elevations were less than 30 ° 72% of the time and less than 10 ° 39% of the time. The mean Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score increased but not significantly, and backrest elevation had no direct effect on mean scores. A model for predicting the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score at day 4 included baseline score, percentage of time spent at less than 30 ° on study day 1, and score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, explaining 81% of the variability (F=7. 1, P=. 003). Literature Search 3 †¢ Conclusions Subjects spent the majority of the time at backrest elevations less than 30 °. Only the combination of early, low backrest elevation and severity of illness affected the inciden ce of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Amelia Ross. (2006). The impact of an evidence-based practice education program on the role of oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Retrieved from, www. elsevierhealth. com/journals/iccn. on March 2, 2012. Literature Search Essay Body Paragraphs Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite strong evidence in the literature on the role of oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), nurses continue to view oral care as a comfort measure with low priority and utilize foam swabs rather than toothbrushes. Although an evidence-based oral care protocol existed and best-practice oral care tools were available, the VAP rates had not significantly decreased even though nurses reported providing oral care. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine if an evidence-based practice (EBP) educational program would improve the quality of oral care delivered to mechanically ventilated patients; thereby, reducing the VAP rate. RESULTS: Improvement in oral health was demonstrated by a decrease in median scores on the Oral Assessment Guide (pre (11. 0), post (9. 0)). A t-test analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p=0. 0002). The frequency of oral care documentation also improved as demonstrated by a positive shift to the more frequent timeframes. The VAP rates have decreased by 50% following the EBP education Literature Search 4 ntervention. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an EBP educational program focused on patient outcome rather than a task to be performed improved the quality of oral care delivered by the nursing staff. Carolyn L. , Cason, Tracy, Tyner. , Sue, Saunders, Lisa, Broom. , 2007. Nurses Implementation of Guidelines for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on March 1, 2012. Abstract †¢ Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia accounts for 47% of infections in patients in intensive care units. Adherence to the best nursing practices recommended in the 2003 guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. †¢ Objective To evaluate the extent to which nurses working in intensive care units implement best practices when managing adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. †¢ Methods Nurses attending education seminars in the United States completed a 29-item questionnaire about the type and frequency of care provided. †¢ Results Twelve hundred nurses completed the questionnaire. Most (82%) reported compliance with hand-washing guidelines, 75% reported wearing gloves, half reported elevating the head of the bed, a third reported performing subglottic suctioning, and half reported having an oral care protocol in their hospital. Nurses in hospitals with an oral care protocol reported better compliance with hand washing and maintaining head-of-bed elevation, were more likely to regularly provide oral care, and were more familiar with rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the organisms involved than were nurses working in hospitals without such protocols. Literature Search5 †¢ Conclusions The guideline s for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are not consistently or uniformly implemented. Practices of nurses employed in hospitals with oral care protocols are more often congruent with the guidelines than are practices of nurses employed in hospitals without such protocols. Significant reductions in rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia may be achieved by broader implementation of oral care protocols. Grap, Mary. ,Munro, Cindy. , Hummel, Russel. , Jessica. Elswick, and Sessler Curtis. 2005. Effect of Backrest Elevation on the Development of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on March 3, 2012. Abstract †¢ Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of mechanical ventilation. Backrest position and time spent supine are critical risk factors for aspiration, increasing the risk for pneumonia. Empirical evidence of the effect of backrest positions on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, especially during mechanical ventilation over time, is limited. Objective To describe the relationship between backrest elevation and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. †¢ Methods : It is a nonexperimental, longitudinal, descriptive design was used. The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was used to determine ventilator-associated pneumonia. Backrest elevation was measured continuously with a transducer system. Data were obtained from laboratory results and medical records from the start of mechanical ventilation up to 7 days. †¢ Results Sixty-six subjects were monitored (276 patient days). Mean backrest elevation for the entire study period was 21. 7 °. Backrest elevations were less than 30 ° 72% of the time and less than 10 ° 39% of the time. The mean Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score increased but not significantly, and backrest elevation had no direct effect on mean scores. A model for predicting the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score at day 4 included baseline score, percentage of time spent at less than 30 ° on study day 1, and score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, explaining 81% of the variability (F=7. 1, P=. 003). Literature Search 3 †¢ Conclusions Subjects spent the majority of the time at backrest elevations less than 30 °. Only the combination of early, low backrest elevation and severity of illness affected the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Amelia Ross. (2006). The impact of an evidence-based practice education program on the role of oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Retrieved from, www. elsevierhealth. com/journals/iccn. on March 2, 2012. Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite strong evidence in the literature on the role of oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), nurses continue to view oral care as a comfort measure with low priority and utilize foam swabs rather than toothbrushes. Although an evidence-based oral care protocol existed and best-practice oral care tools were available, the VAP rates had not significantly decreased even though nurses reported providing oral care. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine if an evidence-based practice (EBP) educational program would improve the quality of oral care delivered to mechanically ventilated patients; thereby, reducing the VAP rate. RESULTS: Improvement in oral health was demonstrated by a decrease in median scores on the Oral Assessment Guide (pre (11. 0), post (9. 0)). A t-test analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (p=0. 0002). The frequency of oral care documentation also improved as demonstrated by a positive shift to the more frequent timeframes. The VAP rates have decreased by 50% following the EBP education Literature Search 4 ntervention. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an EBP educational program focused on patient outcome rather than a task to be performed improved the quality of oral care delivered by the nursing staff. Carolyn L. , Cason, Tracy, Tyner. , Sue, Saunders, Lisa, Broom. , 2007. Nurses Implementation of Guidelines for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on March 1, 2012. Abstract †¢ Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia accounts for 47% of infections in patients in intensive care units. Adherence to the best nursing practices recommended in the 2003 guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. †¢ Objective To evaluate the extent to which nurses working in intensive care units implement best practices when managing adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. †¢ Methods Nurses attending education seminars in the United States completed a 29-item questionnaire about the type and frequency of care provided. †¢ Results Twelve hundred nurses completed the questionnaire. Most (82%) reported compliance with hand-washing guidelines, 75% reported wearing gloves, half reported elevating the head of the bed, a third reported performing subglottic suctioning, and half reported having an oral care protocol in their hospital. Nurses in hospitals with an oral care protocol reported better compliance with hand washing and maintaining head-of-bed elevation, were more likely to regularly provide oral care, and were more familiar with rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the organisms involved than were nurses working in hospitals without such protocols. Literature Search5 †¢ Conclusions The guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are not consistently or uniformly implemented. Practices of nurses employed in hospitals with oral care protocols are more often congruent wit h the guidelines than are practices of nurses employed in hospitals without such protocols. Significant reductions in rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia may be achieved by broader implementation of oral care protocols. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Search Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Search Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Search Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Pros of internet essays

Pros of internet essays I contemplate that internet is suitable, enjoyable and exceptional source for us to operate in our lives today. First, the internet assists us to collect knowledge about anything we desire to learn about. Secondly, the internet permits us to chat with our contacts and email the people around the world. Finally, on internet, we can shop online, visit online services and you can save a bunch of time with few money and gas. As my final point, these are few reasons that I think that the internet is reliable at present. There is an enormous quantity of information obtainable on the internet for just about every subject known to being, similar to government law and services. In addition, there is a lot more information on market information, new ideas and technical supports along with marketing or advertising. The Internet has brought new opportunities to government, business, and education. Internet is easy to use and allows us to make contacts thro My next purpose is that the Internet permits us to chat and send email to those we know. Through the Internet, we can chat and work on something vital at the same time. Email is now an essential communication tools in business. It is also excellent for keeping in touch with family and friends. The advantages to email is that it is gratis (no charge per use) when compared to telephone, fax and postal services. It is a great technique to meet up with people of similar interest and discuss common issues. Some people have web cameras that allow them to watch others and others to watch you except sometimes people just squander more than $30.00 for getting the pictures taken, after that getting them back then mailing it to somebody. Obviously, the Internet is a great place for shops and recreation for people. Internet shopping is one of today's most popular activities for shopper people. Shopping on the Internet can make people relax and take their time to think about the product that they ...

Free Essays on Knowledge In The 21st Century

What exactly does it mean to be an educated person? The definition of an educated person has changed dramatically over the period of the last century, and this is what Peter Drucker, author of, â€Å"The Age of Social Transformation† discusses in his essay. He believes that an educated person is one â€Å"who has learned how to learn, and who continues learning, especially by formal education, throughout his or her lifetime (Drucker 233).† People without this type of education are seen as failures in today’s society. A person with an abundance of knowledge through formal education is usually placed upon a pedestal. This pedestal is signified through occupation (professionals) and status (standards of living). This standard is a set rule each person in society is expected to live up to. Without schooling, an individual is looked down upon and does not receive opportunities to attain that higher position in his/her society. This is a society in which the â €Å"common good† of the society is not taken into consideration. Society has become ignorant to the fact that there are individuals in this society that do not have the opportunity to receive a formal education, but does that mean that they cannot acquire knowledge in other ways? Is a formal education really needed to acquire knowledge? Who set these rules? In my opinion, a true knowledge society would be one that reaped for the â€Å"common good.† I am in favor of an education that is well rounded; one that teaches not one, but many things. If one is specialized in only one field, how is that person expected to move along in a fast-paced world full of diversity? A true knowledgeable person is one who is balanced. Also, teaching individuals how to apply that knowledge to the real world is extremely important. Richard E. Miller and Kurt Spellmeyer, authors of the â€Å"Introduction† to the New Humanities book would agree with my definition of what it mean s to be an educated ... Free Essays on Knowledge In The 21st Century Free Essays on Knowledge In The 21st Century What exactly does it mean to be an educated person? The definition of an educated person has changed dramatically over the period of the last century, and this is what Peter Drucker, author of, â€Å"The Age of Social Transformation† discusses in his essay. He believes that an educated person is one â€Å"who has learned how to learn, and who continues learning, especially by formal education, throughout his or her lifetime (Drucker 233).† People without this type of education are seen as failures in today’s society. A person with an abundance of knowledge through formal education is usually placed upon a pedestal. This pedestal is signified through occupation (professionals) and status (standards of living). This standard is a set rule each person in society is expected to live up to. Without schooling, an individual is looked down upon and does not receive opportunities to attain that higher position in his/her society. This is a society in which the â €Å"common good† of the society is not taken into consideration. Society has become ignorant to the fact that there are individuals in this society that do not have the opportunity to receive a formal education, but does that mean that they cannot acquire knowledge in other ways? Is a formal education really needed to acquire knowledge? Who set these rules? In my opinion, a true knowledge society would be one that reaped for the â€Å"common good.† I am in favor of an education that is well rounded; one that teaches not one, but many things. If one is specialized in only one field, how is that person expected to move along in a fast-paced world full of diversity? A true knowledgeable person is one who is balanced. Also, teaching individuals how to apply that knowledge to the real world is extremely important. Richard E. Miller and Kurt Spellmeyer, authors of the â€Å"Introduction† to the New Humanities book would agree with my definition of what it mean s to be an educated ...

Howard Schultz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Howard Schultz - Essay Example It was at this point that Howard identified an opportunity at Starbucks, and he explored the company’s prospects before joining it. He internalized Starbucks’ objectives, while working as the organization’s departmental director and developed an entrepreneurial vision, but the company’s founders did not share in his expansion, prompting his departure. He established his own business but later purchased Starbucks and merged the two. He has since improved prospects of the company and his, to become global success. By the year 2012, Starbucks owned more than 1700 stores in almost 40 countries, with a net worth of about $ 35.9 billion and customer turnover of about 44 million people per week. His success from a humble background, arising from his vision and dedication, which identifies and exploits opportunities, together with his focus on targets; identify Howard as a leader, a visionary leader. The leader influences a wide range of followers such as investor s, workers, and customers, as is evident in his professional and entrepreneurial experience. He also influences policy makers and special interest groups, in his activism role, and his visionary and determination cause the influence (Bio, 2014). The discussion analyses the leader, based on covered concepts from the course. As the CEO of Starbucks, Howard Schultz is seen to be one of the most successful and inspiring leaders of his generation. Schultz was part of a poor family. He grew up watching his father try to support the family with jobs that provided no employee benefits. This made an especially difficult toll when his father was injured with no health insurance or compensation to cover the damages that had been done. This is something that eventually impacted the way that Schultz would run his company. Gerald Baldwin and Gordon Bowker added Schultz as a part of their company, Starbucks.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE OFFICE MARKET IN FRANCE AND GERMANY Essay

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE OFFICE MARKET IN FRANCE AND GERMANY - Essay Example The latest realty boom period started around the last financial quarter of year 2002. The technology bubble bust of the late 90’s had passed and the rippling effect of the terrorist incident of September 11, 2009 had waned. Both these issues that were negatively weighing down on economies worldwide had somewhat moved to the background. That is when people started taking an advantage of the then financial boom and invested heavily into the real estate market, both residential and commercial. And that is when huge banks with their billion dollar profits started lending to sub-prime realty market to maximize their profits during the financial boom time. The financial turmoil or the bubble burst in commercial realty sector; especially the ‘office market’, has been substantial. Europe saw its first ever GDP decline for two consecutive quarters. The largest of the European economies of France and Germany were also not spared the onslaught. France has a stable government system, clear tax policy, low corruption and a prolific cultural tradition. All these elements offer investors a great opportunity to invest at a time when French real estate is depressed not because of its inherent financial strength but because of a global financial turmoil. Commercial real estate in France is in a period of significant re-pricing. France offers ‘office space’ options mainly in and around Paris, the greater Lyon region and the Bordeaux region. The rates in regions other than Paris offer competitive choices to investors who are planning to invest in office space at these emerging locations, which are better priced and offer a great investment opportunity. Paris Region covers 12,000 km ² and claims to be Europes biggest commercial real estate offer, much more ahead of London for office space and having almost 49 million m ² of office space. Office market trends in the Paris region vary for different districts (Paris region,

Blood pressure Essay Example for Free

Blood pressure Essay Blood pressure (BP), sometimes referred to as arterial blood pressure, is the pressureexerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, blood pressure usually refers to thearterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.[1] The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart.[2] Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.[3] Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing) and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.[2] The measurement blood pressure without further specification usually refers to the systemic arterial pressure measured at a persons upper arm and is a measure of the pressure in the brachial artery, major artery in the upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), for example 120/80. The table on the right shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older.[4] It assumes the values are a result of averaging blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor.[6][7] In the UK, blood pressures are usually categorised into three groups: low (90/60 or lower), high (140/90 or higher), and normal (values above 90/60 and below 130/80).[8][9] Normal range of blood pressure While average values for arterial pressure could be computed for any given population, there is often a large variation from person to person; arterial pressure also varies in individuals from moment to moment. Additionally, the average of any given population may have a questionable correlation with its general health; thus the relevance of such average values is equally questionable. However, in a study of 100 human subjects with no known history of hypertension, an average blood pressure of 112/64 mmHg was found,[10] which are currently classified as desirable or normal values. Normal values fluctuate through the 24-hour cycle, with highest readings in the afternoons and lowest readings at night.[11][12] Various factors, such as age and sex influence average values, influence a persons average blood pressure and variations. In children, the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height.[13] As adults age, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic tends to fall.[14] In the elderly, blood pressure tends to be above the normal adult range,[15] largely because of reduced flexibility of the arteries. Also, an individuals blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion and time of day. Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be random and average to nearly zero if enough measurements are taken. However, in a small percentage of cases there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for obstructive arterial disease.[16][17] The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.[18] In the past, hypertension was only diagnosed if secondary signs of high arterial pressure were present, along with a prolonged high systolic pressure reading over several visits. Regarding hypotension, in practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.[5] Clinical trials demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health. The principal medical debate concerns the aggressiveness and relative value of methods used to lower pressures into this range for those who do not maintain such pressure on their own. Elevations, more commonly seen in older people, though often considered normal, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Physiology There are many physical factors that influence arterial pressure. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs or alcohol, stress, obesity, and so-forth.[20] Some physical factors are: †¢ Volume of fluid or blood volume, the amount of blood that is present in the body. The more blood present in the body, the higher the rate of blood return to the heart and the resulting cardiac output. There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume, potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure, though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic nervous system response and the renin-angiotensin system.[21][22][23] †¢ Resistance. In the circulatory system, this is the resistance of the blood vessels. The higher the resistance, the higher the arterial pressure upstream from the resistance to blood flow. Resistance is related to vessel radius (the larger the radius, the lower the resistance), vessel length (the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity, as well as the smoothness of the blood vessel walls. Smoothness is reduced by the build up of fatty deposits on the arterial walls. Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the size of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) increase the size of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. Resistance, and its relation to volumetric flow rate (Q) and pressure difference between the two ends of a vessel are described by Poiseuilles Law. †¢ Viscosity, or thickness of the fluid. If the blood gets thicker, the result is an increase in arterial pressure. Certain medical conditionscan change the viscosity of the blood. For instance, anemia (low red blood cell concentration), reduces viscosity, whereas increased red blood cell concentration increases viscosity. It had been thought that aspirin and related blood thinner drugs decreased the viscosity of blood, but instead studies found[24] that they act by reducing the tendency of the blood to clot. In practice, each individuals autonomic nervous system responds to and regulates all these interacting factors so that, although the above issues are important, the actual arterial pressure response of a given individual varies widely because of both split-second and slow-moving responses of the nervous system and end organs. These responses are very effective in changing the variables and resulting blood pressure from moment to moment. Moreover, blood pressure is the result of cardiac output increased by peripheral resistance: blood pressure = cardiac output Xperipheral resistance. As a result, an abnormal change in blood pressure is often an indication of a problem affecting the hearts output, the blood vessels resistance, or both. Thus, knowing the patients blood pressure is critical to assess any pathology related to output and resistance. Mean arterial pressure The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP),[25] Curve of the arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of thecardiac output, i.e. the heartbeat. The pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of thestroke volume of the heart, compliance (ability to expand) of the aorta, and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree. By expanding under pressure, the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood surge from the heart during a heartbeat. In this way, the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta wasnt compliant.[26] The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients. The pulse pressure can be simply calculated from the difference of the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,[26] Arm–leg gradient The arm–leg (blood pressure) gradient is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mmHg,[27] but may be increased in e.g. coarctation of the aorta.[27] Vascular resistance The larger arteries, including all large enough to see without magnification, are conduits with low vascular resistance (assuming no advanced atherosclerotic changes) with high flow rates that generate only small drops in pressure. The smaller arteries and arterioles have higher resistance, and confer the main drop in blood pressure along the circulatory system. Vascular pressure wave Modern physiology developed the concept of the vascular pressure wave (VPW). This wave is created by the heart during the systoleand originates in the ascending aorta. Much faster than the stream of blood itself, it is then transported through the vessel walls to the peripheral arteries. There the pressure wave can be palpated as the peripheral pulse. As the wave is reflected at the peripheral veins, it runs back in a centripetal fashion. When the reflected wave meets the next outbound pressure wave, the pressure inside the vessel rises higher than the pressure in the aorta. This concept explains why the arterial pressure inside the peripheral arteries of the legs and arms is higher than the arterial pressure in the aorta,[28][29][30] and in turn for the higher pressures seen at the ankle compared to the arm with normal ankle brachial pressure index values. Regulation The endogenous regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized: †¢ Baroreceptor reflex: Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem, specifically to the Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The medulla, by way of the autonomic nervous system, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the hearts contractions, as well as the total peripheral resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and rightcarotid sinuses and in the aortic arch.[31] †¢ Renin-angiotensin system (RAS): This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictorknown as angiotensin II. †¢ Aldosterone release: This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassiumlevels. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis, aldosterone will increase fluid retention, and indirectly, arterial pressure. †¢ Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones (mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase inblood volume results an increased cardiac output by the Frank–Starling law of the heart, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure. These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. Currently, the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertensionbecause if blocked, individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting. Measurement A medical student checking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure.[32] Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not use mercury. For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cyclewhen the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHgsystolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken [in the US and UK] as one-twenty over eighty). Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.[33] Measuring pressure invasively, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting. Noninvasive The noninvasive auscultatory and oscillometric measurements are simpler and quicker than invasive measurements, require less expertise, have virtually no complications, are less unpleasant and less painful for the patient. However, noninvasive methods may yield somewhat lower accuracy and small systematic differences in numerical results. Noninvasive measurement methods are more commonly used for routine examinations and monitoring. [edit]Palpation A minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by palpation, most often used in emergency situations, but should be used with caution.[34] It has been estimated that, using 50% percentiles, carotid, femoral and radial pulses are present in patients with a systolic blood pressure 70 mmHg, carotid and femoral pulses alone in patients with systolic blood pressure of 50 mmHg, and only a carotid pulse in patients with a systolic blood pressure of 40 mmHg.[34] A more accurate value of systolic blood pressure can be obtained with a sphygmomanometer and palpating the radial pulse.[35] The diastolic blood pressure cannot be estimated by this method.[36] The American Heart Association recommends that palpation be used to get an estimate before using the auscultatory method. Auscultatory Auscultatory method aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope Mercury manometer The auscultatory method (from the Latin word for listening) uses a stethoscope and asphygmomanometer. This comprises an inflatable (Riva-Rocci) cuff placed around the upperarm at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or aneroidmanometer. The mercury manometer, considered the gold standard, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration and, consequently, not subject to the errors and drift of calibration which affect other methods. The use of mercury manometers is often required in clinical trials and for the clinical measurement of hypertension in high-risk patients, such as pregnant women. A cuff of appropriate size is fitted smoothly and snugly, then inflated manually by repeatedly squeezing a rubber bulb until the artery is completely occluded. Listening with the stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. When blood just starts to flow in the artery, the turbulent flow creates a whooshing or pounding (first Korotkoff sound). The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until no sound can be heard (fifth Korotkoff sound), at the diastolic arterial pressure. The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.[37] Oscillometric The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure[38] which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse.[39] The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. It uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic pressure sensor (transducer) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy. Oscillometric measurement requires less skill than the auscultatory technique and may be suitable for use by untrained staff and for automated patient home monitoring. The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure and then reduced to below diastolic pressure over a period of about 30 seconds. When blood flow is nil (cuff pressure exceeding systolic pressure) or unimpeded (cuff pressure below diastolic pressure), cuff pressure will be essentially constant. It is essential that the cuff size is correct: undersized cuffs may yield too high a pressure; oversized cuffs yield too low a pressure. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery, i.e., it will oscillate. The values of systolic and diastolic pressure are computed, not actually measured from the raw data, using an algorithm; the computed results are displayed. Oscillometric monitors may produce inaccurate readings in patients with heart and circulation problems, which include arterial sclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus. In practice the different methods do not give identical results; an algorithm and experimentally obtained coefficients are used to adjust the oscillometric results to give readings which match the auscultatory results as well as possible. Some equipment uses computer-aided analysis of the instantaneous arterial pressure waveform to determine the systolic, mean, and diastolic points. Since many oscillometric devices have not been validated, caution must be given as most are not suitable in clinical and acute care settings. The term NIBP, for non-invasive blood pressure, is often used to describe oscillometric monitoring equipment. Continuous noninvasive techniques (CNAP) Continuous Noninvasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP) is the method of measuring arterial blood pressure in real-time without any interruptions and without cannulating the human body. CNAP combines the advantages of the following two clinical â€Å"gold standards†: it measures blood pressure continuously in real-time like the invasive arterial catheter system and it is noninvasive like the standard upper arm sphygmomanometer. Latest developments in this field show promising results in terms of accuracy, ease of use and clinical acceptance. Non-occlusive techniques: the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) principle Since the 90s a novel family of techniques based on the so-called Pulse wave velocity (PWV) principle have been developed. These techniques rely on the fact that the velocity at which an arterial pressure pulse travels along the arterial tree depends, among others, on the underlying blood pressure.[40] Accordingly, after a calibration maneuver, these techniques provide indirect estimates of blood pressure by translating PWV values into blood pressure values.[41] The main advantage of these techniques is that it is possible to measure PWV values of a subject continuously (beat-by-beat), without medical supervision, and without the need of inflating brachial cuffs. PWV-based techniques are still in the research domain and are not adapted to clinical settings. White-coat hypertension For some patients, blood pressure measurements taken in a doctors office may not correctly characterize their typical blood pressure.[42] In up to 25% of patients, the office measurement is higher than their typical blood pressure. This type of error is calledwhite-coat hypertension (WCH) and can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional.[43] The misdiagnosis of hypertension for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. WCH can be reduced (but not eliminated) with automated blood pressure measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a quiet part of the office or clinic.[44] Debate continues regarding the significance of this effect.[citation needed] Some reactive patients will react to many other stimuli throughout their daily lives and require treatment. In some cases a lower blood pressure reading occurs at the doctors office.[45] Home monitoring Ambulatory blood pressure devices that take readings every half hour throughout the day and night have been used for identifying and mitigating measurement problems like white-coat hypertension. Except for sleep, home monitoring could be used for these purposes instead of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.[46] Home monitoring may be used to improve hypertension management and to monitor the effects of lifestyle changes and medication related to blood pressure.[6] Compared to ambulatory blood pressure measurements, home monitoring has been found to be an effective and lower cost alternative,[46][47][48] but ambulatory monitoring is more accurate than both clinic and home monitoring in diagnosing hypertension. Ambulatory monitoring is recommended for most patients before the start of antihypertensive drugs.[49] Aside from the white-coat effect, blood pressure readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the majority of people. The studies that looked into the risks from hypertension and the benefits of lowering blood pressure in affected patients were based on readings in a clinical environment. When measuring blood pressure, an accurate reading requires that one not drink coffee, smoke cigarettes, or engage in strenuous exercise for 30 minutes before taking the reading. A full bladder may have a small effect on blood pressure readings; if the urge to urinate arises, one should do so before the reading. For 5 minutes before the reading, one should sit upright in a chair with ones feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed. The blood pressure cuff should always be against bare skin, as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate. During the reading, the arm that is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level, for example by resting it on a table.[50] Since blood pressure varies throughout the day, measurements intended to monitor changes over longer time frames should be taken at the same time of day to ensure that the readings are comparable. Suitable times are: †¢ immediately after awakening (before washing/dressing and taking breakfast/drink), while the body is still resting, †¢ immediately after finishing work. Automatic self-contained blood pressure monitors are available at reasonable prices, some of which are capable of Korotkoffs measurement in addition to oscillometric methods, enabling irregular heartbeat patients to accurately measure their blood pressure at home. Invasive Arterial blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively through an arterial line. Invasive arterial pressure measurement with intravascular cannulae involves direct measurement of arterial pressure by placing a cannula needle in an artery (usually radial, femoral,dorsalis pedis or brachial). The cannula must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. The advantage of this system is that pressure is constantly monitored beat-by-beat, and a waveform (a graph of pressure against time) can be displayed. This invasive technique is regularly employed in human and veterinary intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes. Cannulation for invasive vascular pressure monitoring is infrequently associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, andbleeding. Patients with invasive arterial monitoring require very close supervision, as there is a danger of severe bleeding if the line becomes disconnected. It is generally reserved for patients where rapid variations in arterial pressure are anticipated. Invasive vascular pressure monitors are pressure monitoring systems designed to acquire pressure information for display and processing. There are a variety of invasive vascular pressure monitors for trauma, critical care, and operating room applications. These include single pressure, dual pressure, and multi-parameter (i.e. pressure / temperature). The monitors can be used for measurement and follow-up of arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, right atrial, femoral arterial, umbilical venous, umbilical arterial, and intracranial pressures. Fetal blood pressure Further information: Fetal circulation#Blood pressure In pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mothers heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[51] The average blood pressure for full-term infants: Systolic 65–95 mm Hg Diastolic 30–60 mm Hg[52] Blood pressure is the measurement of force that is applied to the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.[53] The human circulatory system is 400,000 miles long, and the magnitude of blood pressure is not uniform in all the blood vessels in the human body. The blood pressure is determined by the diameter, flexibility and the amount of blood being pumped through the blood vessel.[53] Blood pressure is also affected by other factors including exercise, stress level, diet and sleep. The average normal blood pressure in the brachial artery, which is the next direct artery from the aorta after the subclavian artery, is 120mmHg/80mmHg. Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using sphygmomanometer. Two pressures are measured and recorded namely as systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure reading is the first reading, which represents the maximum exerted pressure on the vessels when the heart contracts, while the diastolic pressure, the second reading, represents the minimum pressure in the vessels when the heart relaxes.[54] Other major arteries have similar levels of blood pressure recordings indicating very low disparities among major arteries. The innominate artery, the average reading is 110/70mmHg, the right subclavian artery averages 120/80 and the abdominal aorta is 110/70mmHg.[55] The relatively uniform pressure in the arteries indicate that these blood vessels act as a pressure reservoir for fluids that are transported within them. Pressure drops gradually as blood flows from the major arteries, through the arterioles, the capillaries until blood is pushed up back into the heart via the venules, the veins through the vena cava with the help of the muscles. At any given pressure drop, the flow rate is determined by the resistance to the blood flow. In the arteries, with the absence of diseases, there is very little or no resistance to blood. The vessel diameter is the most principal determinant to control resistance. Compared to other smaller vessels in the body, the artery has a much bigger diameter (4mm), therefore the resistance is low.[55] In addition, flow rate (Q) is also the product of the cross-sectional area of the vessel and the average velocity (Q = AV). Flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop in a tube or in this case a vessel. ∆P ÃŽ ± Q. The relationship is further described by Poisseulle’s equation ∆P = 8 µlQ/Ï€r4.[56] As evident in the Poisseulle’s equation, although flow rate is proportional to the pressure drop, there are other factors of blood vessels that contribute towards the difference in pressure drop in bifurcations of blood vessels. These include viscosity, length of the vessel, and radius of the vessel. Factors that determine the flow’s resistance as described by Poiseuille’s relationship: †¢ ∆P: pressure drop/gradient †¢  µ: viscosity †¢ l: length of tube. In the case of vessels with infinitely long lengths, l is replaced with diameter of the vessel. †¢ Q: flow rate of the blood in the vessel †¢ r: radius of the vessel Assuming steady, laminar flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe. For instance if p1 and p2 are pressures are at the ends of the tube, the pressure drop/gradient is:[57] In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in pressure. The more bifurcations, the higher the total cross-sectional area, therefore the pressure across the surface drops. This is why the arterioles have the highest pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product of flow rate and resistance: ∆P=Q xresistance. The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the ∆P is a result of a smaller radius of about 30  µm.[58] The smaller the radius of a tube, the larger the resistance to fluid flow. Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic obvserved in the arterioles, we expect the blood pressure to be lower in the capillaries compared to the arterioles. Since pressure is a function of force per unit area, (P = F/A), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an external force acts on it. Though the radii of the capillaries are very small, the network of capillaries have the largest surface area in the vascular network. They are known to have the largest surface area (485mm) in the human vascular network. The larger the total cross-sectional area, the lower the mean velocity as well as the pressure.[55] Reynold’s number also affects the blood flow in capillaries. Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynold’s number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.[59] The Reynold’s number (denoted NR or Re) is a relationship that helps determine the behavior of a fluid in a tube, in this case blood in the vessel. The equation for this dimensionless relationship is written as:[56] †¢ Ï : density of the blood †¢ v: mean velocity of the blood †¢ L: characteristic dimension of the vessel, in this case diameter †¢ ÃŽ ¼: viscosity of blood The Reynold’s number is directly proportional to the velocity and diameter of the tube. Note that NR is directly proportional to the mean velocity as well as the diameter. A Reynold’s number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is characterized as chaotic and irregular flow.[56] Disorders Disregulation disorders of blood pressure control include high blood pressure, blood pressure that is too low, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation. High Main article: Hypertension Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure. Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, for examplehypertensive emergency. All levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks,heart failure and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated.[60] In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see the article on pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (140) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (

Everyone Has a Dream :: miscellaneous

Most people have some kind of hopes or dreams. Hopes are â€Å"desires accompanied by expectations of fulfillment, they are one that give promises to the future.† ( The Merriam Webster Dictionary, page 367). Dreams are â€Å"notable for their beauty, excellence, and/or enjoyable quality.† ( The Merriam Webster Dictionary, pages 234-235). However, these dreams are many times thwarted by many obstacles along the way, as happens to George and Lennie’s in John Steinback’s novel, Of Mice and Men. George promises Lennie’s aunt Clara, right before she dies, that he will take care of Lennie, and that they will always be together. During the 1930’s, people like Lennie, who has a mental handicap, and black’s, such as Crooks, the stable man, are discriminated. During this time, also known as the Great Depression, barn workers like George and Lennie would go around looking for work at a ranch. Very few Americans owned land, and only rarely did they have any freedom. George and Lennie want to buy a piece of land. To George this symbolizes his freedom, he will then be able to control his destiny, yet to Lennie, it means he will be able to tend the rabbits, and therefor pet them as much as he likes. Steinback expresses some of man’s hopes and dreams through the main characters actions. George and Lennie live in hope that their own, very particular dream, will one day come true. They hope they will work enough to earn the sufficient amount of money needed for their piece of land. The land is important to them because it symbolizes their liberty, their independence. From the moment they buy the land and on, they become independent human beings. They stop depending on whether they have a job, on whether they have enough food amongst other things. They dream of building a small house on this land, and on having a small farm with chickens and rabbits and cows. Lennie’s greatest dream is being able to tend the rabbits. Whenever Lennie does anything wrong, instead of thinking of the consequences that may follow, he only thinks of not being able to tend the rabbits when they acquire their new home. Lennie tries not upset George, because when he does, George threatens not to let him tend the rabbits. George, on the other hand, dreams on living a self sufficient life off the money and food they can make off the land and the animals.

History of the United States

The successive phase of mining contributed by subduing the continent. The mining frontier attracted population and wealth as well as advertising the found wonders of he west. The founding of metals helped finance the Civil War as it facilitated the building of railroads, enabled the Treasury to continue specie payments, and brought the silver issue into American politics. Cattle raising contributed to the settlement of the Great West by creating a new profitable business that easily sprang up into existence â€Å"as a main pillar of the economy'.And lastly, the successive phase of farming contributed to the settlement of the Great West by contributing to new inventions and techniques used in farming that made it easier and more convenient. . There were various social, ethnic, environmental, and economic factors that made the trans-Mississippi west a unique region among the successive American frontiers. Native Americans made their last and final attempt at colonization in the trans- Mississippi west and still reside there today.Since their â€Å"Anglo† culture collided with that of Hispanic culture, the southwest remains the most Hispanicize region in America. The scale and severity of the environment brought challenges to human ambitions and the environment continued to form a social and political life. The federal government has played a massive role in the trans-Mississippi west economic and social development like in no other region. 4. There were many factors that made western farmers economically vulnerable even as they were expanding their agricultural production in the Great West.High prices had forced farmers into plating single â€Å"cash† crops and use their profits to purchase manufactured goods and foodstuffs at the general store. Large-scale farmers were entering the business world as they were becoming tied to banking, railroading, and manufacturing. They had to ay expensive machinery in order to speed up production of crops, especi ally wheat. Such widespread use of these expensive machines called for first class management. Many farmers were unskilled though, and put the blame on railroads and banks for their losses.Once farmers had stuck with the idea of single cash crops, their stability was either well or poor, when prices were high all went well and when the prices were low then farmers had to dwell on bankruptcy. 5. There were many strong points in the Farmers' Alliances as well as many weaknesses. The strongest points of the Farmers' Alliance were that the embers all agreed on the goals of the Alliance such as, the need to nationalize railroads, abolish national banks, institute a graduated income tax, and create a new federal substructures.Their crusade was an impassioned one and they seemed unstoppable as their efforts to relieve the misfortunes of the farmer were becoming noticed and unavoidable. The Farmers' Alliance weakest points were that they did not think to include more farmers that would have proved to be more useful and represent a greater and stronger organization. Its programs were only targeted at those who had owned their land. They had ignored and excluded the plight of landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, framework's, and black farmers who made up nearly half of the agricultural population.The farmers' protests scared eastern interests so badly because they were gaining political strength, which was unwanted from the farmers of the South and West. 6. There were various actual effects of the frontier on American society at different stages of its development. Some of those actual effects of the frontier consist of ones that helped transform both the region and nation. The national character was shaped by the westward movement. Hazard of the western wilderness such as distance, deserts, drought, and Indians transformed Europeans into Americans.What was valuable in Frederick Jackson Turners ‘frontier thesis† despite its being discredited by subsequent historians was that the idea of it was based on his belief that the frontier helped to shape and mold the American national character, and that it marked the edge of civilization that included diverse cultures, ideas and traditions. Chapter 28: 7. There were many economic and political effects of the Republicans' high tariff, high-spending policies of the early asses. Some of those economic and political effects consist of a quarrel between the Republicans and the Democrats over a quorum.The Republican House speaker, Thomas B. Reed had took to make changes to the House rules. He had pieced out quorums and therefore he counted as present certain Democrats in the chamber who had not answered the roll and denied that they were present. The fifty-first, or â€Å"Billion-Dollar' congress created expensive legislators. 8. Cleveland response to the depression of 1893 created labor and farmer unrest and divided the Democratic Party. Those who had advocated for silver lived that â€Å"hel l would freeze over† before Congress passed the repeal measure.

Demographic Influences And Product Positioning

I spoke about the strengths that Ryan Air has, such as having acquired buzz. I said that since Ryan Air is expanding Eastwards at a steady pace this is a strength but a after some opinions from Maira Azzopardi and Nadine Grixti, I had come to realise that this is more of an opportunity. Maria Azzopardi also said that the fact that the website is available in more than 20 languages is also a strength.Nadine Grixti went over to say that booking flights over the internet is a strength , however after a discussion with Maria Azzopardi and Elenia Desira regarding how this is the only way to book flight she decided that this was if fact a weakness. Maria Azzopardi and I continued to discuss that Ryan Air avoid paying congestion fees and it will also remain the first low-cost airlines these were identified as strengths. Nadine Grixti continued by saying since Ryan Air does not have an office in Malta, this saved costs and is a strength for Ryan Air.I said that since passengers have to pay f or an extra services even for using the restroom this is a weakness for Ryan Air and also the fact that profits decreased could also prove to be a weakness as Ryan Air may have to cut down on certain services or products to make up for this loss. Nadine Grixti and Elenia Desira argued that since passengers must pay for their luggage this is also a sign of weakness, Nadine Grixti came up with the idea that Ryan Air should provide a package which includes luggage along with flights.Maria Azzopardi and Elenia Desira continued to say that this should not be obligatory since certain groups travel with only hand luggages. Maria Azzopardi said that since Ryan Air does not provide adequate Human Resources policies this may lead to an unmotivated workforce. Nadine Grixti said that the website is the only means of booking flights which is once again a weakness. I spoke about the fact that Ryan Air can expand into various other regions while still maintaining low costs, we all agreed that this was an opportunity.Moreover we all discussed other opportunities such as the new fleet of airplanes and the steady expansion of Ryan Air into the East. Finally we discussed that since Ryan Air collects a lot of data from passengers, they may use this data to target customers even better. Nadine Grixti started discussing threats namely that if the oil price continues to rise and reach $150 per barrel this could lead to a situation where Ryan Air does not make any profits. Another threat is the fact that other airlines may choose to enter low cost markets we all agreed on this.Maria Azzopardi came up with the idea that if other airlines acquire smaller one Ryan Air may face threats, we then discussed the effects that this may have on Ryan Air. Nadine Grixti spoke about the imminent threat that a change in CEO may have as it will take some getting used to for the whole organisation. Elenia Desira and I said that the global recession and past factors such as September 11th and Islandic Volcano ash is also a threat and this is a threat since some people may be less willing to travel and perhaps even scared to travel.Moreover an increase in snow storms or volcano ash may cause airports to shut down and this may cancel certain flights. In conclusion we discussed all the factors contributing to SWOT analysis. The meeting went well and we managed to disused all that we had planned within the agenda. On most factors we were all in agreement whilst other took some discussions. We all discussed that the factors that influence the Ryanair’s demography are age, occupation, average income, lifestyles, religion, race, culture, birth rate and death rate.Moreover, we all agreed that such factors have various implications for Ryanair, for example: Maria Azzopardi said that people with adventurous personalities and lifestyles are more likely to travel than others. I continued to say that people who fear travelling with an airplane will definitely discard the idea of trave lling around the world unless over land or by sea. This will therefore, decrease the revenue of Ryanair.Charmaine Berry continued to say that the demography will have an influence on the workforce, meaning the people available to work, and also the wealth of the workforce. A discussion arose on why the workforce and the wealth of the workforce itself will influence demography. I came up with the idea that the workforce will influence the demography of Ryanair because the culture of such organisation will not be the same of that of the personnel. This will ultimately influence the motivation and performance of employees.Elenia Desira stated that the occupation of customers will also affect the demography of Ryanair because business men or women will opt for a low-cost flights which will increase profits. However, the drawback is that the more the income the customers earn the more they will be able to afford more luxurious flights such as Airmalta and British Airways, and this will u ltimately decrease the profits of Ryanair. The discussion then shifted to product positioning.Maria Azzopardi began to say that product positioning is defined as how customers perceive the product or service Ryanair offers compared to other competitors. Elenia Desira continued by mentioning a marketing tool, the perceptual mapping, which identifies the perception of existing or potential customers on a specific product or service. Charmaine Berry stated that Ryanair would fall under a low price and budget standard airline and therefore. It can therefore, be said that one of the main competitors is EasyJet because they are also perceived as having a low price and budget standard.I concluded on product positioning by stating that it is of great importance for Ryanair to make use of perceptual mapping because it would help the organisation to identify in which position Ryanair stands in customers’ mind compared to other competitive airlines. In conclusion, in this meeting demogr aphic influences and product positioning were discussed. It was a very productive meeting as we managed to discuss the topics we had planned in the agenda. Demographic Influences And Product Positioning I spoke about the strengths that Ryan Air has, such as having acquired buzz. I said that since Ryan Air is expanding Eastwards at a steady pace this is a strength but a after some opinions from Maira Azzopardi and Nadine Grixti, I had come to realise that this is more of an opportunity. Maria Azzopardi also said that the fact that the website is available in more than 20 languages is also a strength.Nadine Grixti went over to say that booking flights over the internet is a strength , however after a discussion with Maria Azzopardi and Elenia Desira regarding how this is the only way to book flight she decided that this was if fact a weakness. Maria Azzopardi and I continued to discuss that Ryan Air avoid paying congestion fees and it will also remain the first low-cost airlines these were identified as strengths. Nadine Grixti continued by saying since Ryan Air does not have an office in Malta, this saved costs and is a strength for Ryan Air.I said that since passengers have to pay f or an extra services even for using the restroom this is a weakness for Ryan Air and also the fact that profits decreased could also prove to be a weakness as Ryan Air may have to cut down on certain services or products to make up for this loss. Nadine Grixti and Elenia Desira argued that since passengers must pay for their luggage this is also a sign of weakness, Nadine Grixti came up with the idea that Ryan Air should provide a package which includes luggage along with flights.Maria Azzopardi and Elenia Desira continued to say that this should not be obligatory since certain groups travel with only hand luggages. Maria Azzopardi said that since Ryan Air does not provide adequate Human Resources policies this may lead to an unmotivated workforce. Nadine Grixti said that the website is the only means of booking flights which is once again a weakness. I spoke about the fact that Ryan Air can expand into various other regions while still maintaining low costs, we all agreed that this was an opportunity.Moreover we all discussed other opportunities such as the new fleet of airplanes and the steady expansion of Ryan Air into the East. Finally we discussed that since Ryan Air collects a lot of data from passengers, they may use this data to target customers even better. Nadine Grixti started discussing threats namely that if the oil price continues to rise and reach $150 per barrel this could lead to a situation where Ryan Air does not make any profits.Another threat is the fact that other airlines may choose to enter low cost markets we all agreed on this. Maria Azzopardi came up with the idea that if other airlines acquire smaller one Ryan Air may face threats, we then discussed the effects that this may have on Ryan Air. Nadine Grixti spoke about the imminent threat that a change in CEO may have as it will take some getting used to for the whole organisation.Elenia Desira and I said that the global recession and past factors such as September 11th and Islandic Volcano ash is also a threat and this is a threat since some people may be less willing to travel and perhaps even scared to travel. Moreover an increase in snow storms or volcano ash may cause airports to shut down and this may cancel certain flights. In conclusion we discussed all the factors contributing to SWOT analysis. The meeting went well and we managed to disused all that we had planned within the agenda. On most factors we were all in agreement whilst other took some discussions.Minutes for Meeting 2Subject: Demographic influences and Product positioningWe all discussed that the factors that influence the Ryanair’s demography are age, occupation, average income, lifestyles, religion, race, culture, birth rate and death rate. Moreover, we all agreed that such factors have various implications for Ryanair, for example: Maria Azzopardi said that people with adventurous personalities and lifestyles are more likely to travel than others. I continued to say that people wh o fear travelling with an airplane will definitely discard the idea of travelling around the world unless over land or by sea.This will therefore, decrease the revenue of Ryanair. Charmaine Berry continued to say that the demography will have an influence on the workforce, meaning the people available to work, and also the wealth of the workforce. A discussion arose on why the workforce and the wealth of the workforce itself will influence demography. I came up with the idea that the workforce will influence the demography of Ryanair because the culture of such organisation will not be the same of that of the personnel.This will ultimately influence the motivation and performance of employees. Elenia Desira stated that the occupation of customers will also affect the demography of Ryanair because business men or women will opt for a low-cost flights which will increase profits. However, the drawback is that the more the income the customers earn the more they will be able to afford more luxurious flights such as Airmalta and British Airways, and this will ultimately decrease the profits of Ryanair.The discussion then shifted to product positioning. Maria Azzopardi began to say that product positioning is defined as how customers perceive the product or service Ryanair offers compared to other competitors. Elenia Desira continued by mentioning a marketing tool, the perceptual mapping, which identifies the perception of existing or potential customers on a specific product or service. Charmaine Berry stated that Ryanair would fall under a low price and budget standard airline and therefore.It can therefore, be said that one of the main competitors is EasyJet because they are also perceived as having a low price and budget standard. I concluded on product positioning by stating that it is of great importance for Ryanair to make use of perceptual mapping because it would help the organisation to identify in which position Ryanair stands in customers’ mind c ompared to other competitive airlines. In conclusion, in this meeting demographic influences and product positioning were discussed. It was a very productive meeting as we managed to discuss the topics we had planned in the agenda.

Yellow Journalism essays

War of Deception/ Yellow Journalism essays Newspapers are a major influence on the way people perceive the world. It is a source which connects readers to many different topics of interest. Newspapers have also become a competitive business. With a desire to increase circulation and obtain more advertising revenue, a different type of journalism was developed in the late 1900s. The press industry began to evolve into a media that had not been seen before. Critics were labeling this new style of publishing all types names such as jingoism, sensationalism, and as it is wildly known today, yellow journalism. Many battles between publishers to get the first scope of a story created a market that would become almost fictional and have serious consequences on the stability of society. The first most notable incident was the Spanish-American War, known as the Newspaper War. With the use of sensationalism and yellow journalism the newspaper industry exploited the American population and government to instigate a declaration of war on Spain. In the mid-1890s, Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Hearst (San Francisco Examiner) transformed newspapers with sensational and scandalous news coverage. This turned the high drama of life into a cheap melodrama and led to stories being twisted into the forms best suited for sales by the hollering newsboy at the corner of every New York intersection. The main event in the press was the growing controversy in Cuba. Cuba and Puerto Rico were the only remnants of Spain's once vast empire in the New World (Brenan 211). The Spanish government was using unconventional and sometimes brutal methods to control the uprising in Cuba. Stories about the Cuban rebellion sold papers, and continued to appear. Every little bit of Cuban turmoil drew public attention. Newspapers started reporting atrocities and many mass executions of prisoners and sympathizers in detention camps. Although some of the reported e...

Review of the Broadway Theatre Essays

Review of the Broadway Theatre Essays Review of the Broadway Theatre Essay Review of the Broadway Theatre Essay In this report I will be reviewing the present situation at the Broadway Theatre. The staffing structure This staffing structure shows that the Owner is in charge of the Manager even though he plays no part in the running of the business. In turn the Manager has a span of control over of his 3 assistant managers. The 3 assistant managers are each in charge of the department managers. This means that the Catering Manager is in charge of the Barperson; the Sales Manager is in charge of the Bookings Clerk and the Administrator is in charge of the Secretary. Their is a clear chain of command shown by this organisation chart, this is shown by the vertical lines of authority. Orders will passed down the chain until they are carried out. The horizontal line across the assistant managers shows they are of equal rank. Staff Responsibilities Manager The Manager is responsible for all aspects of day-to-day management; he is also responsible for his 3 assistant managers. Assistant Manager The Assistant Manager deputises for the Manager and is responsible for morning and afternoon events. Assistant Manager The Assistant Manager deputises for the Manager and is responsible for the administration, sales, and catering staff. Assistant Manager The Assistant Manager deputises for the Manager and is responsible for the matinees and evening events. Administrator Is responsible for all the administration as well as the supervision of the office staff. Sales Manager The Sales Manager is responsible for sales and marketing, promotions and advertising and the supervision of the bookings office. Catering Manager The Catering Manager is responsible for the preparation and sale of refreshments. Secretary Is responsible for general word processing and office work. Bookings Clerk Is responsible for ticket sales. Barperson Is responsible for bar sales. Business costs and revenues The costs of the business can be split into 4 sections, they are as follows: buildings, administration, publicity and performances. EXPENDITURE/COSTS à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½000s Buildings : Council rent 40 Non-domestic rates 15 Insurance 10 Water rates 2 Heating 10 Lighting ; Electricity 10 Cleaning 5 Repairs and Maintenance 5 Administration : Salaries and Wages 110 Stationary 2 Postage 2 Telephone 2 Printing (tickets ; programmes) 10 Accountancy fee 2 Publicity : Advertising 20 Printing (posters ; leaflets) 10 Performances : Consumables sets, floral displays ect 20 Hire of companies/performers 100 TOTAL EXPENDITURE/COSTS 375 Their are 3 types of costs; fixed costs, variable costs and semi variable costs. Fixed costs are costs which do not change, they are not affected my the amount of sales or production. Variable are costs which can vary, they are affected by the amount of sales or production. Semi variable costs which can be subject to variation. Sales/revenues Sources of revenue: INCOME à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½000s Grants and sponsorship 100 Advertising 10 Sales : Box office 250 Foyer events 15 Programmes 15 Catering 50 TOTAL NON-SALES 110 TOTAL SALES 330 TOTAL INCOME 440 To calculate the profit : Cash flow Cash flow refers money that is coming into the business (receipts) and money that is being paid out (payments) over a period of time. A liquidity problem relates to cash flow. A liquidity problem is when a business has a lack of cash when it is needed to pay bills, wages ect. In other words a liquidity problem is when a businesss receipts can not keep pace with its payments. This is one reason why businesss produce a cash flow forecast. A cash flow forecast is a statement that a business will produce of accurate cash receipts and payments over a period of time such as a year. This forecast will indicate how profitable a business will be over the set period of time. If the business is doing well the cash flow forecast will show that at the end of the year a substantial profit will be made and that their is a market for the sales to be maintained or increased. A bank will often require a cash flow forecast when giving a firm an overdraft facility to solve any liquidity problems. An other way of solving a liquidity problem is to approach a factor. A factor is a firm which will take over a businesss debts for a fee. This can be an effective way of solving a liquidity problem as the firm will not have to employ any debt collectors. However, the fee that the factor will charge will be an expensive one. Therefore, the firm may try to delay the payments of their bills or even ask that receipts are paid more promptly. The components of a cash flow forecast include: The cash flow forecast breaks down the receipts and payments to give the total receipts at the end of each month and the total payments. Then, by subtracting the total payments for the end of the month from the total receipts for the end of the month, the net cash flow is calculated. This net cash flow is added to the opening balance for the month to give the closing balance for the month. The closing balance for the month then becomes next months opening balance. Theatres grounds Located within the theatres grounds is a disused bandstand, a car park, and a duck pond. The rest of the area owned by the theatre is made up of open land and trees. The theatre itself is situated on a road leading to the town centre, however their is no public transport from the town after 8.00 p.m. Inside the theatre The theatre has 3 main public entrances and exits. There is one main entrance at the front leading into the foyer; another at the right-hand side of the theatre; and a ramp on the left-hand side of the theatre for wheelchair access. Performances and shows For a given week in the theatre these our the opening times: The theatre is open all day on : Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday. It is closed all day Monday; in the afternoon on Tuesday; and is only open in the morning on Sunday. The theatre offers a 2 hour bingo session twice a week. Once on Tuesday morning and once on Thursday morning. The Broadway comedy Never a Dull Moment is on 5 times throughout the week; once on Thursday, twice on Friday, and twice on Saturday. As it stands the maximum number of events the theatre offers in a day is 3; a morning, afternoon and evening event. All the events have a charge ranging from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15 per seat, except for the Open Morning on Friday which is open to everyone for no charge. The rest of the events on offer including Bop till you Drop and All Work and no Play are largely aimed at the older generation. Seat prices and Audience Capacity SEAT PRICES STALLS CIRCLE à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bingo 2 Films Matin(e 5 7 Evening 7 10 Plays Matin(e 10 7 Evening 15 10 Entrance fee for all events in Broadway Foyer à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 AUDIENCE CAPACITY TOTAL SEATS Stalls 100 Circle 100 Foyer 100 What appear to be the key problems with the Broadway Theatre The first problem that came to my attention when reviewing the theatre was the staffing structure. This appears to be a problem as their are 3 assistant managers all of equal rank, all deputising for the Manager; surely this is not necessary. To increase the businesss profit margins the business needs to make costs cuts. An example of unnecessary costs are a number of the fixed costs, such as consumables which include floral displays totalling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000. Clearly the business can not afford to be spending such amounts when the profit retained is marginal. It appears the theatre is not taking full advantage of what it has to offer the public. Examples of this include the theatre being closed for what adds up to 2 days in total. This is clearly an area for improvement as whether or not the theatre is open or closed it will have to pay its fixed costs which total a staggering à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½361,000 per annum. Therefore it would make sense to address this problem. Also the theatre does not have all of its available seats for sale when the bingo is on. It would make good sense for theatre to use all of its resources available. The theatre puts on an event called Never a Dull Moment this event is on 5 times during the course of the week and surely the same person would not wish to watch the show 5 times. This presents a problem which needs to be addressed in order to encourage people to return to the theatre time and time again. It is not good enough to just attract a customer for a one-off occasion you should aim to gain their regular custom and build up a sound reputation. Located within the theatres grounds is a disused bandstand that presents a whole window of opportunity. The theatre would do hard to go wrong if they brought it back into use and made a feature of it primarily for the summer months. The Broadway Theatre has a lot to offer the public, however if many of the public do not have regular access to theatre after 8.00 p.m. then the theatre can not demonstrate what it has to offer to the public. It is vital that the theatre addresss this problem in order to boost ticket sales. It also appears that the theatres target audience is the elder generation. At first glance this may not appear to be a problem, however, their are as many old people as young people who all enjoy attending the theatre it would be an idea to also accomodate younger people. This concludes my findings for the key problems I have identified.